If you have been reading about PPAR delta and want a single page that covers the useful parts, this is it: definitions, context, how it is studied, and the questions that come up repeatedly.
Last reviewed on 2025-10-24. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
Published literature on cardarine includes in vitro assays, rodent experiments, and a small number of human studies. Reports describe effects on exercise capacity and lipid metabolism in animals, while human evidence is sparse. Many online descriptions present the compound as a proven endurance aid, a claim not supported by regulatory approval or large clinical trials. Analytical studies focus on identifying the parent compound and its metabolites in biological samples. Important uncertainties include species differences, dose-response relationships, and the relevance of rodent tumor findings to humans.
Cardarine is the common name for GW501516, a synthetic compound studied as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonist. Researchers developed it to explore treatments for lipid disorders and metabolic conditions. It is not an approved medicine in any country. Early clinical work examined changes in HDL cholesterol and triglycerides, but development was discontinued after animal studies raised concerns about cancer. The compound remains available as a research chemical and appears in discussions of performance enhancement.
At the molecular level, GW501516 binds and activates PPARδ, a nuclear receptor that regulates transcription. Activation shifts expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation, energy expenditure, and lipid transport in skeletal muscle and liver. Animal studies report increased endurance and altered lipid profiles after exposure. Human data are limited to small trials and do not establish long-term safety or efficacy. PPARδ also has roles in cell proliferation, so the relationship between activation and cancer risk remains an open question.
Anti-doping laboratories identify GW501516 and related metabolites using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Urine is the most common matrix, though blood and dried blood spots may also be analyzed. The method targets the parent compound and phase I and phase II metabolites, which extend the detection window. Because the substance is prohibited at all times, athletes can be tested outside competition. Detection limits and windows depend on the assay, sample type, and individual metabolism.
Cardarine is frequently described as a fat-burning or endurance-enhancing supplement, but these claims exceed the available evidence. The compound is not a hormone, steroid, or selective androgen receptor modulator. Research articles discuss it as a tool compound for studying PPARδ biology, while anti-doping literature focuses on its abuse and detection. Quality of unapproved products is uncertain, and independent analyses have found impurities or incorrect labeling. Open questions include whether human cancer risk resembles that seen in rodents and how often non-athletes use the substance.
Cardarine has no approved therapeutic indication and is not marketed as a medicine. The World Anti-Doping Agency lists GW501516 as a prohibited substance at all times, covering both in-competition and out-of-competition periods. National laws vary: some countries treat it as an unapproved drug subject to import controls, while others have specific restrictions on sale for human consumption. It is often sold as a research chemical, a label that does not imply safety or legality. Enforcement actions have targeted online vendors and shipments.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Common name | Cardarine | Also called GW501516 and endurobol. |
| Chemical formula | C21H18F3NO3S2 | Molecular weight about 453.5 g/mol. |
| Appearance | White to off-white solid | Form depends on synthesis and purity. |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol | Low solubility in water. |
| Typical storage | -20 °C, desiccated, protected from light | Common for research chemicals. |
Laboratory studies indicate that GW501516 activates PPARδ, a nuclear receptor involved in fatty acid oxidation and energy metabolism. In rodent experiments, treated animals often showed increased endurance and reduced fat mass. These effects were observed under controlled conditions and do not establish safe or effective use in humans. The exact dose-response relationship in humans remains poorly characterized. Species differences in metabolism can affect how results translate across animals and people.
Safety concerns emerged from long-term animal studies. In rodents given the compound for extended periods, researchers found an increased incidence of certain cancers, including liver and bladder tumors. These findings contributed to the discontinuation of clinical development. Whether similar risks apply to short-term or low-level exposure in humans is not established, and controlled human safety data are limited. The relevance of high-dose rodent carcinogenicity findings to human use remains a subject of debate.
Cardarine is a common name for GW501516, a synthetic compound first described in the 1990s as a selective agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta. It was studied in preclinical models for metabolic and cardiovascular conditions, but it has not been approved as a medicine in the United States, Europe, or other major jurisdictions. Retail products labeled as cardarine are generally research chemicals or supplements, not pharmaceutical formulations. Because human safety and efficacy data remain limited, regulatory agencies treat it as an unapproved substance rather than a therapeutic product.
Sporting authorities added GW501516 to prohibited lists after it appeared in athlete samples and online markets. The World Anti-Doping Agency classifies it as a hormone and metabolic modulator, and its use can lead to an anti-doping rule violation. Some early laboratory work suggested effects on fatty acid oxidation and endurance-related metabolism in animals, but those findings do not establish safe or effective use in people. Reports of adverse events in humans are scarce and often anecdotal, which complicates risk assessment.
Legal status varies by country. In some places, cardarine is controlled under medicines or psychoactive substances laws; in others, it may be sold with minimal oversight as a research chemical. Customs agencies have intercepted shipments, and several national health agencies have issued warnings about products marketed for bodybuilding or performance enhancement. The lack of a standardized pharmaceutical supply means identity, purity, and contamination levels can differ widely between samples. These factors make cardarine a regulatory and public health concern rather than a conventional prescription drug.
GW501516 acts as an agonist at peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta, a nuclear receptor involved in transcription of genes related to lipid handling and energy use. Activation of PPARδ can shift skeletal muscle toward greater fatty acid oxidation in animal models, which is one reason it drew interest for metabolic disease and exercise research. The exact downstream effects depend on tissue, species, dose, and duration. Human data are sparse, so many proposed benefits remain hypotheses rather than established clinical outcomes.
Laboratory studies have examined GW501516 in cell cultures and rodents for conditions such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and obesity. Some trials in humans were initiated, but development was discontinued after preclinical findings raised concerns about cancer in certain models. Those findings do not prove that the compound causes cancer in people, but they contributed to regulatory caution. Later reviews often describe the evidence as preliminary and insufficient for assessing long-term safety.
Cardarine is a common name for GW501516, also GW-1516, a synthetic compound developed as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARδ) agonist. It belongs to a class of agents that modulate gene transcription related to lipid and energy metabolism. The compound was studied in preclinical and early clinical research for metabolic and cardiovascular conditions, but it did not progress to approved therapeutic use. Its name appears in fitness and sports contexts despite not being approved as a drug.
PPARδ is a nuclear receptor that influences transcription of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation, lipid transport, and energy homeostasis. GW501516 binds and activates this receptor with high selectivity relative to PPARα and PPARγ in laboratory assays. Activation alters expression of target genes in skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue in animal models. The exact clinical consequences of these changes in humans remain incompletely characterized, and observed effects in animals do not establish therapeutic benefit or safety.
== Examples == Some examples of conjugated proteins are lipoproteins, glycoproteins, nucleoproteins, phosphoproteins, hemoproteins, flavoproteins, metalloproteins, phytochromes, cytochromes, opsins, and chromoproteins.
In November 1979, the federal government informed the Bundestag that the West German public broadcasters ARD and ZDF had agreed to refuse to use the initialism. The ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code of West Germany was DE (for Deutschland, Germany), which has remained the country code of Germany after reunification. ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are the most widely used country codes, and the DE code is notably used as a country identifier, extending the postal code and as the Internet's country code top-level domain .de. The less widely used ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country code of West Germany was DEU, which has remained the country code of reunified Germany. The now deleted codes for East Germany, on the other hand, were DD in ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 and DDR in ISO 3166-1 alpha-3. The colloquial term West Germany or its equivalent was used in many languages. Westdeutschland was also a widespread colloquial form used in German-speaking countries, usually without political overtones.
==== MeSH D12.776.377.715.548 – immunoglobulins ==== MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114 – antibodies MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.071 – antibodies, anti-idiotypic MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.107 – antibodies, archaeal MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.125 – antibodies, bacterial MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.125.288 – antistreptolysin MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.134 – antibodies, bispecific MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.143 – antibodies, blocking MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.167 – antibodies, catalytic MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.179 – antibodies, fungal MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.185 – antibodies, helminth MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.191 – antibodies, heterophile MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.224 – antibodies, monoclonal MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.224.570 – muromonab-cd3 MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.240 – antibodies, neoplasm MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.248 – antibodies, phospho-specific MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.252 – antibodies, protozoan MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.254 – antibodies, viral MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.254.150 – deltaretrovirus antibodies MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.254.150.440 – hiv antibodies MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.254.150.500 – htlv-i antibodies MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.254.150.510 – htlv-ii antibodies MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.254.450 – hepatitis antibodies MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.254.450.251 – hepatitis a antibodies MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.254.450.504 – hepatitis b antibodies MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.254.450.510 – hepatitis c antibodies MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.257 – antigen-antibody complex MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.301 – antitoxins MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.301.138 – antivenins MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.301.268 – botulinum antitoxin MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.301.438 – diphtheria antitoxin MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.301.849 – tetanus antitoxin MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.323 – autoantibodies MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.323.190 – antibodies, antineutrophil cytoplasmic MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.323.204 – antibodies, antinuclear MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.323.210 – antibodies, antiphospholipid MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.323.210.100 – antibodies, anticardiolipin MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.323.210.600 – lupus coagulation inhibitor MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.323.300 – complement c3 nephritic factor MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.323.390 – immunoconglutinins MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.323.480 – immunoglobulins, thyroid-stimulating MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.323.480.500 – long-acting thyroid stimulator MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.323.732 – rheumatoid factor MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.345 – binding sites, antibody MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.345.180 – complementarity determining regions MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.525 – hemolysins MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.573 – immune sera MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.573.203 – antilymphocyte serum MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.580 – immunoconjugates MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.580.450 – immunotoxins MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.606 – immunoglobulin allotypes MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.606.586 – immunoglobulin gm allotypes MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.606.587 – immunoglobulin km allotypes MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.619 – immunoglobulin isotypes MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.619.026 – immunoglobulin a MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.619.026.030 – immunoglobulin a, secretory MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.619.026.030.500 – secretory component MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.619.026.515 – immunoglobulin alpha-chains MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.619.251 – immunoglobulin d MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.619.251.500 – immunoglobulin delta-chains MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.619.312 – immunoglobulin e MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.619.312.500 – immunoglobulin epsilon-chains MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.619.393 – immunoglobulin g MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.619.393.522 – immunoglobulin gamma-chains MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.619.393.522.400 – immunoglobulin gm allotypes MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.619.393.550 – long-acting thyroid stimulator MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.619.393.570 – muromonab-cd3 MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.619.393.700 – rho(d) immune globulin MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.619.574 – immunoglobulin m MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.619.574.500 – immunoglobulin mu-chains MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.632 – immunoglobulins, intravenous MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.648 – immunoglobulins, thyroid-stimulating MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.656 – insulin antibodies MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.664 – isoantibodies MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.715 – oligoclonal bands MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.767 – opsonin proteins MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.820 – plantibodies MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.837 – precipitins MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.890 – reagins MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.397 – gamma-globulins MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.397.500 – tuftsin MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.538 – immunoglobulin constant regions MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.538.249 – immunoglobulin fab fragments MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.538.500 – immunoglobulin fc fragments MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.538.500.249 – cd4 immunoadhesins MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.680 – immunoglobulin fragments MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.680.650 – immunoglobulin fab fragments MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.680.650.500 – immunoglobulin variable region MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.680.650.500.180 – complementarity determining regions MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.680.650.500.590 – immunoglobulin joining region MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.680.650.750 – tuftsin MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.680.660 – immunoglobulin fc fragments MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.680.660.249 – cd4 immunoadhesins MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.680.660.500 – immunoglobulin constant regions MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.680.745 – immunoglobulin idiotypes MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.705 – immunoglobulin subunits MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.705.500 – immunoglobulin heavy chains MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.705.500.350 – immunoglobulin alpha-chains MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.705.500.360 – immunoglobulin delta-chains MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.705.500.370 – immunoglobulin epsilon-chains MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.705.500.380 – immunoglobulin gamma-chains MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.705.500.380.500 – immunoglobulin gm allotypes MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.705.500.500 – immunoglobulin mu-chains MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.705.625 – immunoglobulin j-chains MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.705.750 – immunoglobulin light chains MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.705.750.530 – immunoglobulin kappa-chains MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.705.750.530.500 – immunoglobulin km allotypes MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.705.750.550 – immunoglobulin lambda-chains MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.705.875 – secretory component MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.797 – immunoglobulin variable region MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.797.180 – complementarity determining regions MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.797.570 – immunoglobulin fab fragments MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.797.590 – immunoglobulin joining region MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.900 – paraproteins MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.900.120 – bence jones protein MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.900.225 – cryoglobulins MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.900.500 – myeloma proteins MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.900.700 – pyroglobulins MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.950 – receptors, antigen, b-cell MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.950.500 – antigens, cd79
=== Absorption and distribution in the body === Following oral administration, alitretinoin exhibits variable absorption, which is increased when taken with food. It is extensively bound to plasma proteins. Metabolism occurs in the liver via CYP3A4, forming 4-oxoalitretinoin. The half-life ranges from 2 to 10 hours, and elimination occurs primarily renally. No significant systemic distribution is observed after dermal application.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== External links == Cut-Flower Care — How to Make Your Fresh-Cut Flowers Last by Rose G. Edinger, Brooklyn Botanical Garden, Spring 2003, retrieved October 21, 2006 — What are preserved flowers? Everything you want to know about preserved flowers Archived 2021-01-28 at the Wayback Machine by Floralonly, Albert, published 28, May 2020
Nuclides (or nucleides, from nucleus; also known as nuclear species) are a class of atoms characterized by their number of protons, Z, their number of neutrons, N, and their nuclear energy state. The word nuclide was coined by the American nuclear physicist Truman P. Kohman in 1947. Kohman defined nuclide as a "species of atom characterized by the constitution of its nucleus" containing a certain number of neutrons and protons. The term thus originally focused on the nucleus.
=== Scotland to England in 1984 === He began at the age of 18 at John o' Groats (at the northern tip of Scotland) in 1984, and walked to Land's End in England. On this journey, which he carried out with three other people, he pushed a wheelchair 1,000 miles (1,600 km) and raised £3,500 for The Forelands School for handicapped children. In 1983, he had already run 21 miles (34 km) around a 400-metre track to raise further money for The Forelands School for handicapped children, at Broadstairs in Kent.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Cardarine is a common name for the investigational compound GW501516. It acts as a PPARδ agonist and is not approved for human use. It is prohibited in sport.
It activates PPARδ, a nuclear receptor that influences gene expression related to lipid and energy metabolism. Animal studies show changes in endurance and lipid levels. Human effects and risks are not well established.
No, cardarine is not a steroid. It belongs to a different chemical class, the PPARδ agonists. It is also not a selective androgen receptor modulator.
Legal status varies by country. It is not approved as a medicine, and it is prohibited in sport. Some jurisdictions restrict import, sale, or possession.